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In “Fauz-e-Mubeen” (Fauz-e-Mubeen dar Radd-e-Harkat-e-Zameen), Imam Ahmad Raza Khan directly confronts the modern astronomical (Copernican/Newtonian) premise that the Earth maintains a stable circular or elliptical orbit around the Sun due to a precise, “perfect velocity” that generates an exact balance between two opposing physical forces:
- Gravitational Attraction (جاذبیت / Jazbiyat) — pulling the Earth toward the Sun
- Centrifugal Force / Repulsion (نافریت / Nafriyat) — pushing the Earth away from the Sun due to its orbital speed
Modern astronomy asserts that at the creation of the universe (ابتداءِ آفرینش), the Earth was imparted with a finely tuned orbital velocity such that centrifugal force exactly equals gravitational pull, keeping the planet in continuous circular/elliptical motion without crashing into the Sun or drifting away into space.
Imam Ahmad Raza Khan’s Refutation of the “Perfect Velocity” Model
In Chapter 1 (فصل اول), specifically across Refutations 3 through 12, Khan presents a detailed physical, logical, and geometrical critique of this concept:
- The Fallacy of Unconscious Fine-Tuning (ترجیح بلا مرجح)
- Modern physics treats physical matter as non-conscious (طبیعت غیر شاعرہ).
- Khan argues that for two blind physical forces (central gravitational attraction vs. outward centrifugal force) to balance each other down to an exact fraction purely through accidental initial velocity is logically impossible without a controlling, conscious agent (ترجیح بلا مرجح).
- If the initial velocity were even slightly slower, gravity would instantly pull the Earth into the Sun; if slightly faster, centrifugal force would fling it out of orbit.
- Artificiality of the Newtonian Model
- Khan concludes that invoking a “perfect velocity coincidence” is merely an artificial mathematical workaround (حیلہ محض) invented to reconcile Newtonian gravity with heliocentrism.
- He maintains that under real physical and mechanical laws, unguided velocity cannot maintain a delicate perpetual balance between opposing forces, thereby supporting his stance in favor of a stationary Earth.